A group of Arizona researchers is developing a safe, noninvasive and efficient means of wireless power transmission through body tissue, to support the growing number of people with medical implants.
Medical implants are used to treat a variety of conditions such as chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, deep brain tremors, heart rhythm disturbances and nerve and muscle disorders. Currently, if the batteries in these devices lose their charge, minor surgery is needed to replace them. This can cause pain and discomfort and even introduce the risk of infection.
The Arizona researchers are attempting to solve this problem with their novel wireless power approach, which is based on piezoelectric generation of ultrasound.
From the Greek root word, “piezo”, meaning “squeeze.” In the case of piezoelectric systems, materials are squeezed, or stressed, to produce a voltage. In turn, applied voltages can cause compression or extension. Piezoelectric materials have specific crystalline structures. The team’s piezoelectric system has been tested in animal tissue with encouraging results.
“The goal of this approach is wireless power transmission to human implantable power generators (IPGs),” explained lead researcher Leon J. Radziemski of Tucson-based Piezo Energy Technologies. “Charging experiments were performed on 4.1 Volt medical-grade lithium-ion batteries. Currents of 300 milliamperes (mA) have been delivered across tissue depths of up to 1.5 centimeters. At depths of 5 centimeters, 20 mA were delivered. Currents such as these can service most medical-grade rechargeable batteries.”
The team has tested the device in pigs to demonstrate safe charging over several hours of ultrasound exposure, with the help of Dr. Inder Makin, an experienced ultrasound researcher.
A power source, such as a wall plug or battery powers the transmitter. Ultrasound passes from the transmitter through the intervening tissue to the implanted IPG housing the piezoelectric receiver.
After positioning the transmitter, the patient can control the procedure from a hand-held device that communicates with the implant. When charging is complete, the implant signals this and turns off the transmitter.
Wireless recharging transmission has been tried before using electromagnetic recharging. Given the proliferation of battery-powered medical implanted therapies, the Radziemski team sees an emerging and expanding need for increased rechargeable power options.
“Ultrasound rechargeable batteries can extend the time between replacements considerably, reducing healthcare costs and patient concerns,” Radziemski said. The next step involves further testing and development in hopes of commercializing the technology within two to five years.
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